@article{nokey,

title = {Efficacy and Safety of Mesenchymal Stem Cell Transplantation in the Treatment of Autoimmune Disease},

author = {Liuting Zeng and Ganpeng Yu and Kailin Yang and Wang Xiang and Jun Li and Hua Chen},

url = {https://doi.org/10.1155%2F2022%2F9463314},

year  = {2022},

date = {2022-03-24},

urldate = {2022-03-24},

abstract = {Autoimmune diseases are a series of diseases caused by the immune system's response to self-antigens, resulting in self-tissue damage or dysfunction. It mainly includes systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), Sjogren's syndrome, polymyositis and dermatomyositis. Many autoimmune diseases are characterized by the production of autoantibodies, which bind to the host's own proteins or form immune complexes and deposit in tissues. Any organ of the body may become a target organ for autoimmunity, including skin, joints, kidneys, and blood vessels. The inflammatory effect caused by autoantibodies is mediated by binding to Fc receptors on leukocytes, which is an important cause of downstream tissue damage. Meanwhile, autoantibodies can also directly mediate tissue damage in diseases through complement activation [5]. In the development stage of the disease, genetic factors and environmental factors may interact in turn to promote the development of autoimmunity and ultimately lead to tissue inflammation and damage, becoming a chronic disease with multiple organs and multiple system damage.



Clinically, once diagnosed, patients should be treated with medication in time to avoid further development of the disease causing damage to organs or systems such as the liver and kidney. Clinically, commonly used glucocorticoids and traditional disease-improving antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) have good anti-inflammatory, pain-relieving, and improving or delaying disease progression effects and are still used as the first-line choice for clinical treatment of rheumatic immune diseases [9, 10]. However, for first-line treatments with single or combined regimens that do not respond well or cannot tolerate them, other treatment options with potential curative effects need to be considered . For example, stem cell transplantation, biological preparations, or new botanical preparations, as well as some antirheumatic drug candidates that may modulate or suppress immunity, in order to alleviate the condition of patients with refractory rheumatism and improve their quality of life. Among them, mesenchymal stem cells are one of the most promising therapeutic strategies },

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{nokey,

title = {Effects of Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes on Autoimmune Diseases},

author = {Ziwei Shen and Wei Huang and Jun Liu and Jie Tian and Shengjun Wang and Ke Rui},

url = {https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2021.749192},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-09-21},

urldate = {2021-09-21},

abstract = {Recent years, the immunosuppressive properties of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been demonstrated in preclinical studies and trials of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. Emerging evidence indicates that the immunomodulatory effect of MSCs is primarily attributed to the paracrine pathway. As one of the key paracrine effectors, mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes (MSC-EXOs) are small vesicles 30-200 nm in diameter that play an important role in cell-to-cell communication by carrying bioactive substances from parental cells. Recent studies support the finding that MSC-EXOs have an obvious inhibitory effect toward different effector cells involved in the innate and adaptive immune response. Moreover, substantial progress has been made in the treatment of autoimmune diseases, including multiple sclerosis (MS), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), type-1 diabetes (T1DM), uveitis, rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). MSC-EXOs are capable of reproducing MSC function and overcoming the limitations of traditional cell therapy. Therefore, using MSC-EXOs instead of MSCs to treat autoimmune diseases appears to be a promising cell-free treatment strategy. In this review, we review the current understanding of MSC-EXOs and discuss the regulatory role of MSC-EXOs on immune cells and its potential application in autoimmune diseases.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{nokey,

title = {Stem Cells and Healing: Impact on Inflammation},

author = {William J. Ennis and Audrey Sui and Amelia Bartholomew},

url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3842880/},

year  = {2013},

date = {2013-09-02},

abstract = {Significance

The number of patients with nonhealing wounds has rapidly accelerated over the past 10 years in both the United States and worldwide. Some causative factors at the macro level include an aging population, epidemic numbers of obese and diabetic patients, and an increasing number of surgical procedures. At the micro level, chronic inflammation is a consistent finding.

Recent Advances

A number of treatment modalities are currently used to accelerate wound healing, including energy-based modalities, scaffoldings, the use of mechano-transduction, cytokines/growth factors, and cell-based therapies. The use of stem cell therapy has been hypothesized as a potentially useful adjunct for nonhealing wounds. Specifically, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been shown to improve wound healing in several studies. Immune modulating properties of MSCs have made them attractive treatment options.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}